• Proprioception, balance, and postural control emerge as core assessment and rehabilitation targets across ankle and knee tasks, using joint position sense tests, balance training, and perturbation responses to reveal sensory-motor integration [2], [18], [8], [15], [17].

• Gait and locomotion biomechanics and functional movement analysis across CP, knee arthroplasty, paraplegia, and orthotics rely on kinematic/kinetic measurements to compare movement strategies and quantify joint torque–angle relationships [1], [6], [5], [20], [14], [9].

• Neuromuscular control and reflex mechanisms underpin movement patterns, with studies on muscle stiffness, H reflex modulation, and heterogenic reflex interactions across human and cat models, illustrating how reflex circuits shape joint mechanics in dynamic tasks [7], [13], [10], [3], [14].

• Orthotic devices and external supports are systematically evaluated for their mechanical effects on ankle–knee dynamics, including stiffness modulation and joint moments, illustrating early biomechanical validation of assistive devices [19], [20], [2].

• Strength, torque, and functional-performance relationships in CP and other populations serve as functional outcomes linking isokinetic measures to walking efficiency and daily activities [1], [9], [14], [16].